Suchergebnisse

Approximately 80% of the volume of exports of major conventional weapons for the period 2003-2007 were accounted for by the five largest suppliers -- the USA, Russia, Germany, France and the UK. Although these five suppliers are likely to continue to account for an overwhelmingly large share of international arms transfers, concerns were expressed in 2007 regarding the export prospects for French and Russian major conventional weapons. Asia, Europe and the Middle East continued to be the largest recipient regions for the period 2003-2007. The largest recipient countries were China, India, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Greece and South Korea. However, 2007 gave the first signs of a potentially significant change among the largest recipients, with decreased deliveries to and orders by China. The largest suppliers to Asia and the Middle East will continue to engage in intense competition for export orders, with Libya and Saudi Arabia likely to become large recipients once again. SIPRI data show the volume of international arms transfers to South America in the period 2003-2007 to be 47% higher than in 1998-2002. Despite attention-grabbing headlines and some evidence of competitive behaviour (e.g. the nature and timing of acquisitions by Brazil, Columbia and Venezuela), it seems unlikely that South America is in the midst of a classically defined arms race. Acquisitions have been primarily motivated by efforts to replace or upgrade military inventories in order to maintain existing capabilities; to respond to predominantly domestic security threats; to strengthen ties with supplier governments; to enhance domestic arms industry capability; or to bolster regional or international profile. Arms suppliers meet the demand for weapons that a conflict creates for a number of reasons: to gain political and economic influence, to substitute for an interested external party's direct military presence and to meet the powerful economic pressures to sell arms. The international transfer of arms to conflict zones in Afghanistan and Sudan illustrates a number of related tendencies. First, UN arms embargoes imposed on armed non-state actors have thus far failed to stop their arms acquisitions. Second, major arms suppliers have been willing to show their support for the government in a conflict zone by directly supplying it with arms. Third, internationally sanctioned peacekeeping operations often struggle to obtain suitable arms and military equipment. Adapted from the source document.

Since 2005 there has been an upward trend in deliveries of major conventional arms. The annual average for 2004-2008 was 21 per cent higher than for 2000-2004. Almost 80 per cent of the volume of exports for the period 2004-2008 was accounted for by the five largest suppliers-the United States, Russia, Germany, France & the United Kingdom. China remained the single largest recipient for the period 2004-2008 but imports decreased significantly in the past two years. Deliveries to Asia & the Middle East increased. The negative impact of small volumes of arms deliveries was highlighted by the case of the renewed civil war in Sri Lanka. Adapted from the source document.

While there has been an increased focus on transfers of small arms & light weapons, it is necessary to research transfers of both small arms & major weapons to understand the role of arms in major conflicts. Arms transfers to five countries in conflict -- Afghanistan, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, & Sri Lanka -- in different regions are described. Most governments involved in conflicts in these regions have access to a wide range of suppliers, but fewer suppliers are willing to supply rebel forces. While supplier motives range from economic to foreign policy or humanitarian intervention, the arms that are supplied are often used in ways that are unintended by the supplier. Adapted from the source document.

Enthält: Bauer, Sibylle; Mićić, Ivana: Controls on security-related international transfers. - S. [447]-466 Wezeman, Pieter D.; Kelly, Noel: Multilateral arms embargoes, 2009. - S. [467]-474

The volume of international transfers of major conventional weapons grew by 17 per cent between 2003-2007 and 2008-12. The five largest suppliers in 2008-12 -- the United States, Russia, Germany, France and China -- accounted for 75 per cent of the volume of exports. This is the first time since the end of the cold war that China has ranked among the five largest arms exporters, which had consisted solely of the USA and European states. China may represent the vanguard of an increase in the significance of Asian suppliers in the international arms trade, as South Korea is an emerging arms supplier and Japan and Singapore have potential to become major suppliers. Other significant changes in 2008-12 include the absence from the top five suppliers of the United Kingdom for the first five-year period since 1950; the departure of the Netherlands from the 10 largest suppliers; and the ranking of Ukraine as the ninth largest supplier. One of the consequences of the impact of the financial crisis in the USA and Europe has been the additional pressure to seek new export markets. This has led the USA and European states to streamline bureaucratic procedures and to be more willing to engage in licensed production, technology transfer and cooperative production arrangements. While SIPRI data on international arms transfers does not represent their financial value, a number of states also publish figures on the financial value of their arms exports. Based on national data, SIPRI estimates that the total value of the global arms trade in 2011 was at least $43 billion. Adapted from the source document.

The volume of international transfers of major conventional weapons grew by 24 per cent between 2002-2006 and 2007-11. The five largest suppliers in 2007-11 -- the USA, Russia, Germany, France and the UK -- accounted for three-quarters of the volume of exports. Outside the five largest arms suppliers, China and Spain recorded significant increases in the volume of deliveries during 2007-11. While China's exports are likely to continue to grow, Spain's order book for ships -- which account for the bulk of its exports -- indicates that it will not maintain its volume of exports. States in Asia and Oceania received nearly half of all imports of major conventional weapons in 2007-11. Moreover, the five largest recipients of major conventional weapons -- India, South Korea, Pakistan, China and Singapore -- were all located in the region. Major importers are taking advantage of the competitive arms market to seek attractive deals in terms of financing, offset arrangements and the transfer of technology. India, which received 10 per cent of all imports in 2007-11, is likely to remain the largest recipient of major conventional weapons in the coming years. Adapted from the source document.

The volume of international transfers of major conventional weapons in 2006-10 was 24 per cent higher than in 2001-2005, continuing the upward trend. The United States and Russia were the largest exporters of major conventional weapons in 2006-10, accounting for 53 per cent of the volume of exports. Countries in Asia were their largest recipients. Economic and foreign policy considerations continued to play a central role in their respective decisions on arms exports. The US Administration has made proposals to reform its export controls to prevent arms and technology from reaching adversaries and to better facilitate transfers to allies. Russia's decision in 2010 to cancel the delivery of S-300 air defence systems to Iran is significant for its reputation as a 'reliable' supplier. The major recipient region in 2006-10 was Asia and Oceania (accounting for 43 per cent of imports of major conventional weapons), followed by Europe (21 per cent) and the Middle East (17 per cent). India was the largest recipient of major conventional weapons in 2006-10, pushing China into second place. South Korea (6 per cent), Pakistan (5 per cent) and Greece (4 per cent) were the other largest recipients. Although India and Pakistan have both imported large quantities of weapons to counter external security threats, internal security challenges are currently the most pressing issue for Pakistan and also a source of much concern in India. India is the target of intense supplier competition for billion-dollar deals, in particular for combat aircraft and submarines. Pakistan relies on US military aid and Chinese soft loans for most of its acquisitions. Both countries are likely to remain major recipients in the coming years. Member states of the European Union are obliged to apply criteria relating to conflict prevention when making decisions on export licence applications. A framework has been elaborated for EU members to harmonize interpretation of these criteria, along with those applying to human rights and economic development. However, during 2006-10 divisions among EU member states on the interpretation of criteria relating to conflict prevention have been particularly evident with regard to Israel, Georgia and Russia. Differences between EU members relate in large part to the long-standing arms trade and security ties with certain states, as well as national security and economic interests more generally. Adapted from the source document.

Holtom, P.: ...: International arms tranfers. - S. [285]-305 The suppliers and recipients of major conventional weapons, 2005-2009. - S. [306]-318 Bromley, M.: The financial value of arms trade, 1999-2008. - S. [319]-321 Bromley, M.; Holtom, P.: Transparency in arms transfers. - S. [322]-332

The volume of international transfers of major conventional weapons continues to increase. The average annual level for the period 2005-2009 was 22 per cent higher than the annual average for 2000-2004. The United States and Russia remained by far the largest exporters, followed by Germany, France and the United Kingdom. Together these five countries accounted for 76 per cent of the volume of exports for 2005-2009. Although the dominant position of the first-tier suppliers, the USA and Russia, is unlikely to be challenged in the near future, the second-tier of arms suppliers is growing in number. The major recipient region for the period 2005-2009 was Asia and Oceania, followed by Europe and the Middle East. The major recipient countries for 2005-2009 were China, India, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Greece. Asian and Middle Eastern countries are expected to remain among the world's largest importers Israel, Singapore and Algeria were not among the 10 largest arms importers for the period 2000-2004 but ranked sixth, seventh and ninth for 2005-2009. Recent arms acquisitions by certain states in Latin America, the Middle East, North Africa and South East Asia suggest that a pattern of reactive arms acquisitions is emerging, that could develop into regional arms races. In recent years concerns have been expressed that regional rivals Algeria and Morocco are engaged in an 'arms race'. SIPRI data shows that the overwhelming majority of arms transfers to North Africa for the period 2005-2009 were destined for Algeria. However, in recent years Morocco has placed significant orders for combat aircraft, missiles and naval vessels. Although it is unlikely that these acquisitions in themselves will lead to conflict, they do not help to improve relations between the two countries. Furthermore, their acquisitions are likely to influence Libyan plans. Iraq continues to rely on the USA for the provision of equipment to rebuild its armed forces, but has also received arms from Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Italy, Poland and Turkey. Its ambitious procurement plans have been hit by the economic crisis and declining oil prices. Nevertheless, the timetable for the withdrawal of US forces from Iraq lends a sense of urgency to international efforts to provide Iraq with the arms and military equipment it seeks to meet its perceived internal and external security needs. Adapted from the source document.

Transfers of major conventional weapons in the period 1998-2002 remained at a low & relatively stable post-Cold War level. The five largest suppliers accounted for about 80% of all major conventional arms transfers. The US was the largest supplier in the five-year period, although Russia was the largest supplier in 2002. The People's Republic of China's move to fourth place in 2002 was a significant rise from previous years. Among the major recipients were countries involved in the war against terrorism. The cases studied suggest that antiterrorism did not result in high levels of major arms deliveries in 2002. The importance of antiterrorist activities for the future trend in transfers of major weapons is unclear. Nonetheless, even low-level & ad hoc transfers of major weapons could become important for smaller suppliers & make a substantial contribution to the military capability of particular recipients. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 3 Appendixes. Adapted from the source document.